Auditory Pathway Component Mnemonic E.C.O.L.I.M.A Ascending from peripheral to central the components are: Ear receptors (Hair cells) in Cochlea and Eighth Cranial nerve (CN VIII) Cochlear nucleus Superior Olivary nucleus Lateral lemniscus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate body Auditory cortex Explanation of the Mnemonic Ear receptors and Eighth cranial nerve (Organ…
Tag: Otorhinolaryngology
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Simplified Approach to Parotid Enlargement
Diagnosis and management of a case of parotid enlargement requires systematic approach. Here, I have tried to present a simplified approach to parotid enlargement. A) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES OF PAROTID ENLARGEMENT: 1. Infectious: Child: Mumps, Coxsackie Adult: S.aureus 2. Non-infectious benign: Epithelial: Pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumor, Oncocytoma, Monomorphic adenoma Non-epithelial: Lymph…
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Branchial Apparatus (Pharyngeal arches and pouches) : Mnemonics
Synonym: Pharyngeal apparatus Mnemonic: CAP covers from out to in Pharyngeal arches are equivalent of gill arches in fish that develop in a cranio-caudal sequence. Derivatives of Pharyngeal or Branchial Apparatus Pharyngeal cleft Pharyngeal arch Pharyngeal pouch Ectoderm Mesoderm Neural crest Cranial Nerves Arteries Endoderm 1st External Auditory Meatus…
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Understanding and Interpreting a Tympanogram
Relevant terms and definitions: 1. Tympanogram: plots compliance changes of the Tympanic Membrane (TM) versus air pressure in the EAC Y-axis shows pressure gradient and X-axis shows compliance change 2. Peak: point on the tympanogram that represents the point of maximum compliance, in which pressure of the external ear canal equals the pressure of the…
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Pure Tone Audiogram and Interpretation
Relevant terms and definitions: 1. Pure tone: A single frequency sound 2. Audiometer: Equipment used to generate pure tones of varying frequency and loudness and control their presentation 3. Air conduction (AC) threshold: lowest level dB HL (hearing threshold) at which the subject perceives 50% of pure tones introduced via earphones or speakers…
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Acute Rhinosinusitis (ARS) : Clinical Guidelines
Definition: Symptomatic inflammation of the lining mucosa of nose and paranasal sinuses. Uncomplicated rhinosinusitis is defined as rhinosinusitis without clinically evident extension of inflammation outside the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity at the time of diagnosis (eg, no neurologic, ophthalmologic, or soft tissue involvement). Types: Based on duration Acute Rhinosinusitis (ARS):…
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Thyroidectomy Basics
Synonyms: Thyroid resection surgery, Thyroid removal surge Definition: Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. A “thyroidectomy” should not be confused with a “thyroidotomy” (“thyrotomy”), which is a cutting into the thyroid, to get access for a median laryngotomy, or to perform a biopsy. Indications: Proven neoplasm…
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Applied Anatomy of Submandibular Salivary Gland
Synonyms: Submaxillary gland (SMG), Mandibular gland Definition: Submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands comprised of mixed serous and mucous acini and located below the lower border of the body of mandible. It is the second largest salivary gland and produces approximately 70% of the saliva. Location: Submandibular triangle…