Antitubercular drug symbols H = Isoniazid R = Rifampicin Z = Pyrazinamide E = Ethambutol S = Streptomycin Km = Kanamycin Cm = Capreomycin Lfx = Levofloxacin Ofx = Ofloxacin Mfx = Moxifloxacin Eto = Ethionamide PAS = Para-aminosalicylic acid Cs = Cycloserine Amx/Clv = Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Bdq = Bedaquiline Lzd…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
Gower’s sign
Synonyms: Gower’s maneuver, Myopathic walking, Butt-first maneuver Identifying Gower’s sign To check for Gower’s sign, place the patient in the supine position and ask him to rise. A positive Gower’s sign – an inability to lift the trunk without using the hands and arms to brace and push – indicates…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Substance abuse vs Substance dependence
Both of these substance use disorders are maladpative patterns of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment/distress but defined by separate criteria. Substance abuse ≥1 of the following occurring within a 12 month period: Mnemonic: 4 Rs Role failure: Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill role obligation Risky behavior:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Depression Criteria Mnemonic
Mnemonic: DEPRESSION Major symptoms Depressed mood Energy loss or fatigue Pleasure loss or anhedonia Minor symptoms Retardation or agitation (psychomotor) Eating and weight change (at least 5% in the last month) Sleep changed – insomnia or hypersomnia Suicidial ideation or behavior I‘m a failure (Loss of confidence or self-esteem) Only…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Silhouette and Cervico-thoracic sign
Synonyms: Obscured margin sign, Loss of outline sign Silhouette refers to the shadow and derived it’s origin from shadow papercuts done by Etienne de Silhouette. Principle of Silhouette sign On a normal Chest X-ray the well-defined borders of the heart and the domes of the diaphragm are visualised because the adjacent…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Ball-on-Tee, Lobster Claw and Signet Ring Sign – Renal papillary necrosis
Synonym: Necrotizing papillitis In renal papillary necrosis, part or all of necrotic renal papilla sloughs and may fall into the pelvicalyceal system, which may remain there (and get calcified) or may be voided down the ureter (often causing obstruction). The renal medulla and papillae are vulnerable to ischemic necrosis because…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Multiple Sclerosis Mnemonic
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of white matter that occurs due to interaction of genetic factors with unknown environmental factors. It is characterized by the pathological triad of inflammation, demyelination and gliosis. It is diagnosed using McDonald’s criteria. My mnemonic for clinical features and treatment of multiple sclerosis is:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
M-spike
Synonyms: Monoclonal spike, M-protein spike, Monoclonal band, Monoclonal gammopathy Tests showing M-spike Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) Urine Protein Electrophoresis (UPEP) Normal SPEP or UPEP Electrophoresis is a method of separating proteins based on their physical properties. Albumin – the largest peak, lies closest to the positive electrode and the next five…