Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Anterior compartment 1. Tibialis anterior (TA) Superior 2/3 lateral surface of tibia Medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal Dorsiflexion, foot inversion Deep peroneal nerve (L5) 2. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) Superior 2/3 of fibula and interosseous membrane Middle and distal phalanx, lateral 4 toes Dorsiflexion, toe extension…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Arthrodesis Positions
Arthrodesis is the surgical fusion of a diseased joint for the purposes of obtaining pain relief and stability. The bones are fused in a position permitting most useful function but lose their natural motion. Shoulder Flexion: 30° Abduction: 20° Internal rotation: 40° Elbow One side: 90° Both side: One in…
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Do You Have Bad Breath? Here Are Some Possible Reasons
Do you ever feel self-conscious about your breath? Do you wonder if people might be able to smell your mouth when you speak? If you’ve answered yes to either of these questions, you may suffer from bad breath. Bad breath isn’t just something that affects the individual who is breathing;…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rickets Made Easy
Types Type Pathology 25(OH) D 1,25(OH)2 D PTH Ca PO4 ALP Additional clinical findings Treatment Vitamin D deficiency (Nutritional) Hypovitaminosis D 🡢 Hypocalcemia 🡢 Secondary hyperparathyroidism 🡢 Rise of serum calcium towards normal level ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓/= ↓ ↑ Rachitic rosaryBowing of kneesMuscle hypotoniaWaddling gaitDental diseaseLooser zones/Milkman’s fracture (pseudofracture…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Calcium Metabolism
Functions Mnemonic: Six ‘C’s Contraction of muscles (Coupling of excitation-contraction) Conduction in nerves Cardiac function Coagulation in blood (Co-factor) Communication (intracellular messengers) for hormones, autacoids and transmitters Cementing (mineralization) of bone – Compressive strength Distribution Average young adult = 1200 gm calcium 99% in bone as calcium hydroxyapatite 1% in…
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What To Do When You Have a Toothache
Everyone has had it at least once in their lives – a pain in a tooth and the surrounding gums that throbs and drives you up the wall. Toothache can be the result of something minor – like a popcorn kernel stuck between your teeth, or it can be caused…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Tanner stages : Simplified with Mnemonics
Breast Development Mnemonic: ABCDE Stage 1 – Absent development Stage 2 – Breast bud Stage 3 – Common Contour (not separated) Stage 4 – Double mound (contour separated) Stage 5 – End stage development (Adult type) Male Genitalia Development Mnemonic: ABCDE Stage 1 – Absent development Stage 2 – Bulky…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Swan neck deformity vs Boutonniere deformity
Alterations in the relationships between the balanced extrinsic and intrinsic musculature of the hand due to trauma or secondary to the effects of systemic disease may cause the development of functional deformities such as a boutonnière or swan-neck deformity. Swan-neck deformity Boutonniere deformity Deformity PIPJ Hyperextension PIPJ Flexion DIPJ Flexion…