Arthrodesis Positions

Arthrodesis is the surgical fusion of a diseased joint for the purposes of obtaining pain relief and stability. The bones are fused in a position permitting most useful function but lose their natural motion.

Shoulder

• Flexion: 30°
• Abduction: 20°
• Internal rotation: 40°

Elbow

• One side: 90°
• Both side: One in 110° (feeding) and another is 65° (perineal hygiene)

Wrist

• Non-rheumatoid: 10-20° dorsiflexion (power gripping) and neutral radio-ulnar deviation
• Rheumatoid: Neutral or flexed with 5-10° ulnar deviation (hygiene and perineal care are easier)

Hand

Fingers	MCP	PIP	DIP
Index	25	40	10
Middle	30	45	10
Ring	35	50	10
Little	40	55	10

Thumb

1. CMC joint: 45° palmar abduction and 20° radial abduction (manual workers)/30-40° radial abduction (women)
2. MCP joint: 10-20° flexion, 20° pronation, 20° abduction
3. IP joint: 0-15° flexion

Hip

• Flexion: 25-30°
• Abduction: 0°
• Rotation: 0°

Knee

• Flexion: 10-15°
• Valgus: 0-7°
• External rotation: 10°

Ankle

• Hindfoot valgus: 5°
• External rotation: 5-10°
• Dorsiflexion: Neutral
• Talus: Posterior

If the ankle is fused in varus, the supinated foot becomes rigid and does not adapt to the ground during the second rocker phase. The lever arm of the foot becomes too long and impairs the third rocker phase if the talus is fused in an anterior position.

Subtalar

• Dorsiflexion: Neutral
• Heel valgus: 10°

Talonavicular

• Neutral dorsi/plantarflexion

Calcaneocuboid

• Heel valgus: 10°
• Forefoot ad/abduction and prono-supination: Neutral

Talonavicular joint should be fixed before calcaneocuboid joint during a triple arthrodesis.

1st great toe MTP

• Valgus: 15-20°
• Dorsiflexion: 10-15°
• Rotation: Neutral

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Acronyms:

1. CMC: Carpometacarpal
2. MCP: Metacarpophalangeal
3. PIP: Proximal interphalangeal
4. DIP: Distal interphalangeal
5. IP: Interphalangeal