Author: Epomedicine

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS wickhams stria

15 “P”s of Lichen Planus

Epomedicine,

In your medical school, you must have heard about the 5 “P”s of Lichen planus representing the gross morphology of Lichen Planus. This 15 P mnemonic encompasses morphology, drug and other associations and histology of lichen planus. Morphology:PruriticPlanar (Flat-topped)PolygonalPurplePapulesPattern of white lines on papules (Wickham’s stria)Pterygium in nailsPhenomenon of Koebner…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS hla

HLA association mnemonics

Epomedicine,

The genes that encode HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) are on chromosome 6. MHC class Type Location Function I HLA-A, -B, -C All cells Recognized by CD8+ lymphocytes II HLA-DP, -DQ, -DR Antigen presenting cells Recognized by CD4+ lymphocytes III Complement components Plasma Chemotaxis, opsonization, lysis of bacteria and cells The…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS primary bone tumors and tumor-like lesions

Differential Diagnoses of Bone Tumors : Mnemonic Approach

Epomedicine,

Lytic and Sclerotic Bone Lesions Mnemonic for Solitary lytic lesions: FEGNOMASHIC Fibrous dysplasia Enchondroma Eosinophilic granuloma Giant cell tumor Nonossifying fibroma Osteoblastoma, Osteosarcoma (telangiectatic) Metastases Myeloma Aneursymal bone cyst Simple bone cyst Hyperparathyroidism (brown tumor) Infection Chondroblastoma Chondromyxoid fibroma Mnemonic for Multiple lytic lesions: FEMHI Fibrous dysplasia Eosinophilic granuloma/Enchondroma Metastasis/Mutiple…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS type 1 and 2 error

Errors and P-value

Epomedicine,

Statistical hypotheses Null hypothesis (H0): No difference or relation exists; e.g. Treatment A is not better than Treatment B Alternative or research hypothesis (H1): Some difference or relation exists, e.g. Treatment A is better than Treatment B Statistical errors Type I error (alpha): False positive (Falsely rejecting Null-hypothesis; i.e. null…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS PPV NPV baye

Baye’s theorem derived PPV and NPV

Epomedicine,

Let’s unveil the mathematics behind the relation between: Prevalence (Pre-test probability) Predictive value (Post-test probability) Sensitivity Specificity SYMBOLS: Total screened population = nPrevalence = PSensitivity = SnSpecificity = SpTrue positive = TPTrue negative = TNFalse positive = FPFalse negative = FNWith disease = D+Without disease = D-Positive predictive value =…