HIV Replication and Antiretroviral Mechanism of Action Mnemonic: AFRITAB 1. Attachment (to CD4 cells) 2. Fusion (enters CD4 cells and dump it’s contents – RNA and reverse transcriptase) 3. Reverse transcription (1 strand RNA becomes 2 strand DNA) 4. Integration (HIV DNA integrates into human’s CD4 cell’s DNA) 5. Transcription…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Gastric Acid Secretion Made Easy
Steps for gastric acid secretion by parietal cells 1. H+ and HCO3- are produced from CO2 and H2O. 2. H+ is secreted into the lumen by H+/K+ ATPase pump. 3. HCO3- moves out of the cell, across the basolateral membrane via antiport with Cl-. 4. Cl- diffuses passively into the…
Surgical Skills
Syringe Suction Vacuum Drain : Technique
1. A small stab incision is made on skin with a no. 11 Blade where the drain is anticipated. 2. A feeding tube of an appropriate size or IV set tube with side holes is placed through the skin incision site to the desired site. 3. The tube is fixed…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
Clarke’s test
Synonyms: Patellofemoral grind test, Patella hold test, Zohler’s sign Tests for: Patellofemoral dysfunction Patient position: Lying down with knees extended and relaxed (heels on table) Technique: 1. Place the webspace of thumb on the upper pole of patella and push it inferiorly. 2. Ask the patient to contract his/her quadriceps…
Blog
Understanding Chronic Pain: Answers to Common Questions
Pain is an undeniable reality that each of us encounters at some point in life. While most pains are fleeting, vanishing once the underlying cause is addressed, there exists a tormenting kind that persists and takes a toll on every aspect of life. Chronic pain, the elusive agony that defies…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Spinal segments vs Vertebral level
Spinal segment: The part of spinal cord to which a pair of spinal nerves (right and left) is attached. Cause of mismatch between spinal segments and vertebral level: General rule: Vertebral level Add Spinal segment Cervical + 0 Same C7-T1 C8 T1-T3 +1 T1-T4 T3-T6 +2 T5-T8 T7-T8 +3 T9-T11…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Median, Ulnar and Radial Nerve – Course and Innervation
Median nerve, Ulnar nerve and Radial nerve are the 3 major nerves of the upper limb originating from the brachial plexus. Some important neuroanatomic relationships in the forearm are: 1. Medial nerve: Crossed by brachial artery from lateral to medial just above the elbow to lie medial to brachial artery…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Mediastinum : Simplified
It is the region in thoracic cavity between the pulmonary cavities (covered by mediastinal pleura and excludes the lungs). Extent: Thoracic outlet (1st rib) to Diaphragm (T12) Superior mediastinum: Upper extent Thoracic outlet Contents (superficial to deep) 1. Glands (Thymus and Lymph nodes)2. 3 Veins (Brachiocephalic Lt. and Rt. and…