Nuclei of Hypothalamus – Mnemonic

Hypothalamus is composed of several nuclei with different important functions – hence, it is important and confusing at the same time. I have devised a pictorial or visual mnemonic to make things easier for you.

Hypothalamus is a Cow

Imagine a Crying and Farting Cow when recalling the Hypothalamus.

Preoptic: Front of eyes (Eyes show lust)

• GnRH secretion

Supra-optic: Above eyes (Lacrimal gland is Above eyes and secrete tears)

• Water balance

Supra-chiasmatic: The eyes (Closes when sleeping during night)

• Circadian rhythm

Anterior nucleus: Wet nose (Cooling system in animals)

• Cooling/parasympathetic

Medial and Lateral nuclei: Stomach (Eating)

• Lateral nuclei – Hunger center
• Ventromedial nuclei (VMN) – Satiety center
• Dorsomedial nuclei (DMN) – Gastrointestinal stimulation

Arcuate nucleus: Curved or Arched Udder (Milk secretion)

• Hypothalamic releasing factors including Dopamine which inhibits Prolactin and milk secretion

Posterior nucleus: Farting posterior of cow (Heat)

•  Heating/Sympathetic

Mammillary bodies: Mammary of Cow (Memory)

• Mammillary and Mammary have similar looking spellings
• Mammary and Memory have similar sounds.
• It is a part of papez circuit involved in Memory. Mammillary bodies receives efferent from hippocapmpus via fornix and project efferent fibers to Anterior nucleus of Thalamus via Mammilothalamic tract.

Match this with Real Hypothalamus

Lesions of Hypothalamus

1. Lateral nucleus:

• Hunger center inhibited by Leptin
• Damage leads to Anorexia and Aphagia.

2. Ventromedial nucleus (VMN):

• Satiety center stimulated by Leptin
• Damage leads to Hyperphagia and Obesity.

3. Anterior hypothalamus:

• Cooling center which senses elevated body temperature and mediates response to dissipate heat via parasympathetic input.
• Damage leads to Hyperthermia.

4. Posterior hypothalamus:

• Heating center which senses decreased body temperature and mediates the conservation of heat via sympathetic input.
• Damage leads to Poikilothermia (inability to regulate temperature).

5. Mammillary bodies:

• Part of papez circuit involved in memory.
• Damaged in Korsakoff syndrome (thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholism) leading to both anterograde and retrograde amnesia with confabulations.

5. Arcuate nucleus:

• Produce releasing hormones and inhibitory factors, which pass through hypophyseal-portal veins to reach anterior pituitary gland.
• Dopaminergic projections from arcuate nuclei inhibit prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary.
• Damage leads to galactorrhea (milk discharge) and amenorrhea.

6. Preoptic nucleus:

• GnRH release which stimulates release of LH and FSH.
• Damage before puberty leads to arrest of sexual development.
• Damage after puberty leads to amenorrhea and impotence.

7. Paraventricular and Supraoptic nuclei:

• Synthesizes neuropeptides ADH and oxytocin which are transported via supraopticohypophyseal tract to Posterior pituitary and stored there.
• Damage leads to Diabetes insipidus characterized by polydipsia and polyuria.

8. Suprachiasmatic nucleus:

• Some of the periodic activities of mammals controlled by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus are length and time of sleep, hormone levels, activity, body temperature, digestive functions etc.
• Damage leads to damage to the periodicity of these activities.