# Epomedicine > Mnemonics, Simplified Concepts & Thoughts ## Posts - [How Life Care Planners Assess Long-Term Injury Needs](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-life-care-planners-assess-long-term-injury-needs/): Los Angeles, California, is a city built on motion, from crowded freeways to fast-paced workplaces and active neighborhoods. When a serious accident interrupts that rhythm, the impact often reaches far beyond the initial injury. Many people in Los Angeles face long recoveries that change how they move through daily life, earn a living, or care for their families. These situations raise difficult questions about medical care, home needs, and future stability, especially when injuries are expected to last for years or even a lifetime.  Planning ahead becomes critical, not just for physical treatment, but for preserving dignity and quality of... - [Understanding Overtime Violations and Legal Recovery Options](https://epomedicine.com/blog/understanding-overtime-violations-and-legal-recovery-options/): Los Angeles, California, is a city driven by long hours, demanding schedules, and a workforce that keeps its industries moving day and night. From entertainment and hospitality to healthcare, logistics, and tech, many workers here routinely put in time beyond the standard workweek. Ambition and dedication fuel careers across the city, yet unpaid or quietly overlooked extra hours pose problems. For many employees, missing overtime pay can create lasting financial strain and uncertainty about their rights.  Understanding how overtime laws apply and how violations occur becomes essential for anyone relying on their wages to stay afloat in such a high-cost... - [Understanding Goiter: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options](https://epomedicine.com/blog/understanding-goiter-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/): When Maria noticed her necklace felt tighter and colleagues asked if she’d gained weight, she didn’t think much of it. But within weeks, swallowing her morning coffee became uncomfortable, and her voice turned raspy. A visit to her doctor revealed goiter—an enlarged thyroid gland pressing against her windpipe and vocal cords. Maria’s experience is shared by millions worldwide, yet many don’t recognize the early warning signs or understand what’s happening inside their neck. Goiter isn’t a single disease. It’s a visible symptom of underlying thyroid dysfunction, ranging from harmless swelling to conditions that demand urgent intervention. This guide walks you... - [Normal Hip Development](https://epomedicine.com/fellowship-blog/normal-hip-development/): 4-6 weeks of gestation: By 7 weeks of gestation: By 11 weeks of gestation: Late gestation: Postnatal: The acetabulum is deepened by the natural pressure from the developing femoral head on the acetabulum. Hips in newborns with developmental dysplasia are not just normal hips with capsular laxity; they are structurally abnormal. Femoral anteversion: Increase with increasing fetal age, measuring on average 45 degrees at 36 weeks. Femoral anteversion then decreases in postnatal development. Neck-shaft angle: Neck–shaft angle in fetal development appears to decrease with fetal age, ranging from approximately 145 at 15 weeks to 130 at 36 weeks. Following birth,... - [What Makes the BIO Series Red Light Different?](https://epomedicine.com/blog/what-makes-the-bio-series-red-light-different/): Red light therapy, in particular, has grown to become a leading wellness tool. More and more people need immune support they can count on through safe technology. Here are some additional reasons why the BIO Series Red Light is unique. In this post, I will explain how this series is different, its features, advantages, benefits, and experience. Finally, readers will know why the BIO Series Red Light is the best choice for their wellness routines. 1. Advanced Light Technology BIO Series Red Light is based on a complex set of light-emitting diodes. These diodes are specialized in certain wavelengths that... - [A THR After Acetabular ORIF and the 9 Intraoperative Tests That Matter](https://epomedicine.com/fellowship-blog/a-thr-after-acetabular-orif-and-the-9-intraoperative-tests-that-matter/): Today was one of those surgeries that stays with you not just for the technical challenge, but for what it teaches you as a growing orthopedic surgeon. Our patient was a 30-year-old male with painful AVN of the femoral head, years after an acetabular fracture that had been treated with ORIF and a posterior wall reconstruction plate. He had a pre-existing foot drop. We performed a metal-on-poly Total Hip Replacement (THR) via the posterior approach to reduce the patient cost. The plan was to retain the posterior plate, but as is often the case, bones have their own plans. The... - [Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT): a modern non-invasive technology for the treatment of pain syndromes and musculoskeletal disorders](https://epomedicine.com/blog/extracorporeal-shock-wave-therapy-eswt-a-modern-non-invasive-technology-for-the-treatment-of-pain-syndromes-and-musculoskeletal-disorders/): Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy, commonly known as ESWT (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy), has become one of the most effective non-invasive technologies in modern medicine. It enables the treatment of a wide range of conditions without surgery, injections, or long recovery periods. Its popularity continues to grow among orthopedic doctors, neurologists, rehabilitation specialists, and professional athletes, as the method helps to rapidly relieve pain, reduce inflammation, accelerate tissue healing, and return patients to an active lifestyle. Today, ESWT is more than just physiotherapy. It is a high-tech, clinically proven method capable of treating even chronic conditions that have remained resistant to... - [How Abortion Pills Work: Simple Mechanism and Timeline](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-abortion-pills-work-simple-mechanism-and-timeline/): In this initial phase, anxiety or tightness in the chest is quite normal, considering the feelings abortion pills evoke initially; they certainly can be overwhelming. The weight of everything gets heavier with the unknowns. But calm, clear guidance helps ease that tension, explaining what your body might do, how the medications work and what usually happens. For many, the biggest comfort is knowing they aren’t alone, others have faced the same mix of nerves and hope and made it through with clarity and strength. The Medications and Their Roles Medical abortion involves two medications that support each other in a... - [When Locking Screws Refuse to Budge - Techniques for Removing Jammed or Stripped Screws](https://epomedicine.com/fellowship-blog/when-locking-screws-refuse-to-budge-techniques-for-removing-jammed-or-stripped-screws/): Written on August 10, 2025 And once again, today’s case reminded me that removing orthopedic implants can be more challenging than inserting them – especially when faced with a stubborn, stripped or jammed locking screw. We operated on a 25-year-old female with a united distal radius fracture, aiming to remove her titanium volar locking plate. While most screws came out smoothly, two of them decided to test our patience and technique. Jammed Distal Locking Screw One distal locking screw was jammed in place, and after a few turns, the head began to strip. Solution: We hammered a stardrive screwdriver shaft... - [Varicose Vein Treatments That Ease Pain and Swelling](https://epomedicine.com/blog/varicose-vein-treatments-that-ease-pain-and-swelling/): Varicose veins are more than just a cosmetic concern—they can also cause discomfort, pain, and impact our overall quality of life. Metro Vein Centers help shed light on effective treatments that not only improve the appearance of varicose veins but also relieve the symptoms associated with them. By understanding the underlying causes and exploring the wide range of treatment options available, we can make informed choices to protect our vein health and enhance overall well-being. Understanding Varicose Veins Varicose veins occur when veins become enlarged, dilated, and overfilled with blood. This condition often arises due to weakened valves and veins... - [Obstacles to reduction in Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH)](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/obstacles-to-reduction-in-developmental-dysplasia-of-hip-ddh/): Extra-articular obstacles: Secondary muscle shortening due to hip in subluxed/dislocated position Intra-articular obstacles: Results in decreased volume of the acetabulum - [Why Altruism Psychology Matters: The Science Behind Selfless Behavior](https://epomedicine.com/blog/why-altruism-psychology-matters-the-science-behind-selfless-behavior/): Altruism psychology centers on the concept of acting to benefit someone else at a cost to oneself. Researchers define this behavior as helping others without obvious external rewards for the helper. Studies show that individuals who engage in altruistic behaviors experience increased happiness and a sense of purpose. The research supports observations about the positive effects people report when helping others. Altruism extends beyond heroic acts to include small everyday kindnesses. The behavior plays a vital role in human connection, improving lives of both recipients and givers. Altruistic urges help bind families and social groups together, fostering cooperation and mutual survival. Empathy... - [Classifications of Sequelae of Septic Arthritis of Hip in Children](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/classifications-of-sequelae-of-septic-arthritis-of-hip-in-children/): Several radiological classifications have been developed to describe the long-term changes in the hip following septic arthritis and to help guide management. Hunka classification Choi classification Forlin and Milani classification Grade 1: Hips with the head or the femoral neck within the acetabulum Grade 2: Hips are dislocated Johari classification References: - [How Kisspeptin Peptide Can Support Fertility?](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-kisspeptin-peptide-can-support-fertility/): Fertility work leans on timing, signal strength, and steady follow‑through. Kisspeptin sits close to that control center and sets a clean beat for the system. The peptide binds KISS1R, wakes up GnRH neurons, and nudges LH and FSH into line. Cycles look clearer. Ovulation shows up on schedule. Sperm development tracks the plan. The pathway stays simple enough to explain at a desk yet strong enough to carry real programs in the lab. The mood here stays positive because kisspeptin keeps giving practical leverage without a maze of steps. How Kisspeptin Sets the Pace Hormones run on rhythm, not noise.... - [Non-Surgical Solutions for Hemorrhoid Relief That Work](https://epomedicine.com/blog/non-surgical-solutions-for-hemorrhoid-relief-that-work/): Hemorrhoids can cause discomfort, irritation, and inconvenience for many people. While some cases may require surgery, numerous effective non-surgical solutions are available. You can often avoid surgery and find absolute comfort by making a few easy changes to your daily life and trying basic home remedies. When you understand what’s available, you can truly take charge of your symptoms and experience more comfort every day. Dietary Choices for Hemorrhoid Relief A fiber-rich diet is one of the most effective ways to alleviate hemorrhoid symptoms. Things like fresh fruit, vegetables, and hearty whole grains really get your digestive system going. Regularity... - [Tonnis and IHDI (International Hip Dysplasia Institute) Classification for DDH](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/tonnis-and-ihdi-international-hip-dysplasia-institute-classification-for-ddh/): IHDI method is a new radiographic classification of the severity of hip dislocation in DDH. It is based on the location of the midpoint of superior part of ossified metaphysis (H-point) relative to acetabulum. In contrast to Tonnis classification method, IHDI method: Tonnis classification: It is assessed according to the relative position of the femoral proximal ossific nucleus to Perkin’s line (P-line) and the superolateral margin of the acetabulum line (SMA-line). The P-line is a perpendicular line from the superolateral margin of the acetabulum SMA, and the SMA-line is a single line drawn through the superolateral margin of the acetabulum... - [Why Access to Quality Mental Health Care Matters More Than Ever](https://epomedicine.com/blog/why-access-to-quality-mental-health-care-matters-more-than-ever/): People now view access to quality mental health care as a fundamental right. In California, where diverse populations face unique challenges, the importance of accessible mental health services has never been more apparent. More people realize the importance of mental health and living a good life. However, many experience barriers that place the support they need out of reach. Getting rid of these barriers could help to form healthier communities as well as stronger bonds. Comprehensive California mental health services provide the resources and support needed to address emotional and psychological challenges effectively. Understanding why access to quality care matters... - [First Cuts, First Concerns: Avoiding the Sciatic Trap](https://epomedicine.com/fellowship-blog/first-cuts-first-concerns-avoiding-the-sciatic-trap/): Dated: July 15, 2025 So here we go – not quite Day 1, but definitely the beginning of something new. With two weeks of overlap before the official August 1 start, I reached B&B Hospital at 7:30 AM – early, eager, and quietly absorbing everything around me. As I waited at the reception, I met a few of the other incoming fellows. There was a shared sense of curiosity and quiet anticipation among us, knowing this was the real beginning. At around 8:15 AM, we were taken to the classroom, where the morning academic ritual was already in motion. The... - [Mohr Syndrome (OFD2): An Orthopedic Insight from a Rare Case](https://epomedicine.com/clinical-cases/mohr-syndrome-ofd2-an-orthopedic-insight-from-a-rare-case/): Introduction Mohr syndrome, or Orofaciodigital syndrome type II (OFD2), represents a very rare genetic disorder in which there is a triad of craniofacial anomalies, oral malformations, and digital deformities. While classic findings such as lobulated tongue, cleft palate, and broad nasal root mainly remain in the domain of pediatricians and geneticists, the orthopedic features often remain underappreciated. A case report recently published me described a newborn with features of polysyndactyly and complex limb malformations, thus further illustrating the musculoskeletal spectrum of this syndrome. Overview This newborn presented shortly after birth with multiple digital anomalies involving both hands and feet. Major... - [When Fixing Bones Meets Nerves: A Lesson from the Cubital Tunnel](https://epomedicine.com/fellowship-blog/when-fixing-bones-meets-nerves-a-lesson-from-the-cubital-tunnel/): Date of writing: June 17, 2025 Day 3 of my pre-fellowship was unlike the others – not because I scrubbed in for an arthroplasty or a hip case (there weren’t any today), but because I witnessed firsthand how a routine trauma case can spiral into an anatomical and surgical challenge. Case: A left distal humerus fracture, AO Type C2. The complexity of anatomic fixation of fracture was expected. What wasn’t expected, however, was an iatrogenic transection of ulnar nerve around the cubital tunnel during exposure and handling. There was a moment of collective pause in the Operation Room – the kind... - [How to Recognize the Best Korean Botox Suppliers in the USA](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-to-recognize-the-best-korean-botox-suppliers-in-the-usa/): The pursuit of beauty doesn’t stop at borders. In today’s aesthetic world, skincare professionals and medical spas are constantly seeking high-quality, effective, and affordable cosmetic injectables for reducing facial wrinkles while maintaining natural facial expressions. And in recent years, Korean Botox has captured global attention for its innovation, safety, and exceptional results. But as demand for Korean botulinum toxin products grows in North America, so does the number of online suppliers claiming to offer “authentic” products. So, how can you recognize the most advantageous Korean Botox suppliers in the USA – and ensure that what you order is the real deal? Let’s... - [A New Chapter: Beginning My Fellowship Journey at B&B Hospital](https://epomedicine.com/fellowship-blog/a-new-chapter-beginning-my-fellowship-journey-at-bb-hospital/): I will be sharing my fellowship journey from my journal here. The posts will be backdated and hopefully I will catchup eventually. Dated: July 15, 2025 As I begin this fellowship training in Hip, Pelvi-Acetabulum, and Arthroplasty at B&B Hospital for one year, I felt like taking a step back and recalling the journey that I traveled to reach here – a journey of applications, exams, interviews, decisions, and suspense. In the previous months before this opportunity, I sat for fellowship entrance exams at several centers: NAMS, IOM, Kirtipur Hospital, Grande International Hospital, and Ganga Hospital (Coimbatore, India). There were... - [Collagen Supplementation: Evidence-Based Benefits for Integumentary and Musculoskeletal Systems](https://epomedicine.com/blog/collagen-supplementation-evidence-based-benefits-for-integumentary-and-musculoskeletal-systems/): Collagen accounts for nearly 30% of all body proteins and is the major structural part of the extracellular matrix in connective tissues. Collagen fibrils, which confer tensile strength and elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone, consist mainly of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Its endogenous production gradually decreases after the third decade of life, with an estimated annual decline of 1–1.5%, reinforced by ultraviolet radiation, glycation, and oxidative stress. This is one reason for many of the dermatological and rheumatological signs related to aging. Oral administration of hydrolyzed collagen peptides-usually 2.5-15 g daily-has therefore been explored in RCTs to... - [How to Choose a Skilled Facial Plastic Surgeon](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/how-to-choose-a-skilled-facial-plastic-surgeon/): Choosing a facial plastic surgeon is a crucial decision. Since many specialists are available, learning about the factors that make a good facial plastic surgeon is critical. It can help you choose a reliable surgeon. This guide provides valuable insights into finding a qualified professional for a stress-free experience. Understanding Qualifications Start by checking a surgeon’s qualifications. Board certification is essential, as it indicates that the doctor has completed the required training. It also guarantees high standards and complete compliance with the recommended medical practices in this field. It is preferable to choose a facial plastic surgeon with a reputable... - [Eight Tips to Get the Most Out of Virtual Therapy Sessions](https://epomedicine.com/blog/eight-tips-to-get-the-most-out-of-virtual-therapy-sessions/): Convenient access to mental health care has led to an increase in virtual therapy. This format provides flexibility and comfort for many. However, to get the most out of these sessions, you must prepare beforehand and actively participate during the sessions. To help people optimize their experience with virtual therapy, here are eight tips. 1. Create a Dedicated Space Creating a dedicated space for online therapy for mental health lets you focus and facilitate relaxation. Pick a place where you will not be disturbed. The environment should feel relaxed, but it must also facilitate focus. Having a set place signals... - [Understanding the ABA Therapy Process for Children](https://epomedicine.com/blog/understanding-the-aba-therapy-process-for-children/): Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy is arguably the most respected approach for children with developmental challenges. An ABA therapist utilizes the concept of breaking down complex actions into smaller, teachable parts, which allows each child to learn at their own individual pace. What is ABA Therapy? Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) helps experts understand human behavior by applying principles of learning and behavior to analyze and modify actions. They can see how your surroundings and the people children know influence their behavior. Spotting these patterns helps therapists. They then make strategies to encourage helpful actions and reduce less desirable ones. Cultivating... - [10 Common Foot Problems A Podiatrist Can Treat Effectively](https://epomedicine.com/blog/10-common-foot-problems-a-podiatrist-can-treat-effectively/): Anyone can suffer from foot problems, disrupting daily activities and overall health. A lot of people are living with these issues silently, when the fact is that a podiatrist can usually fix them. In this article, we will look at 10 common foot problems, which can be alleviated by a podiatrist and hence can improve the quality of your life. Plantar Fasciitis Plantar fasciitis is a common complaint that involves inflammation of the tissue that runs along the bottom of your foot. It leads to severe heel pain, especially in the mornings or after remaining seated for long periods. Podiatrists... - [Bhandari's Paradox : Patient's expectation vs Surgeon's choice (THR vs HRA)](https://epomedicine.com/blog/bhandaris-paradox-patients-expectation-vs-surgeons-choice-thr-vs-hra/): In displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly, the two main treatment options are – Hemiarthroplasty (HRA) which is quicker, with a lower risk of dislocation and Total hip arthroplasty (THA) which provides superior long-term function and durability. Despite evidence favoring THA in many cases, actual surgical practices often lean heavily toward hemiarthroplasty. This discrepancy, highlighted by research from Mohit Bhandari and colleagues, has been termed “Bhandari’s Paradox” by Joseph Bernstein, MD. Defining Bhandari’s paradox It is a huge contrast observed between patient’s expectation and treatment option used by surgeons in displaced neck of femur fractures in elderly. Reasons behind the... - [Iliofemoral ligament (Y-ligament, Ligament of Bigelow)](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/iliofemoral-ligament-y-ligament-ligament-of-bigelow/): Structure Functions Clinical correlates References: - [How to Talk to Your Doctor About Compounded Medications](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-to-talk-to-your-doctor-about-compounded-medications/): Not every health concern fits neatly into the standard prescription model.Sometimes, the medication on the pharmacy shelf does not quite line up with what your body needs, whether that is because of dosage, ingredients, or even the form it comes in. This is where the idea of compounded medications comes into play.  They are designed to address individual circumstances, but before exploring them, it is important to know how to raise the subject. A well-prepared conversation with your doctor can help you work out whether this approach is worth considering in your own treatment plan. Bringing Up Personalised Solutions in... - [What to Do When You Need Urgent Dental Care](https://epomedicine.com/blog/what-to-do-when-you-need-urgent-dental-care/): A tooth can go from fine to painful in the blink of an eye. One moment you are enjoying dinner, the next you’re clutching your jaw, wondering how quickly you can find help.  Dental pain or injury has a knack for showing up at the worst possible time often outside regular clinic hours. While the first reaction might be to panic, a clear head and the right steps can mean the difference between a quick fix and a long recovery.  Alongside urgent treatment, it is worth remembering that many of these situations could be avoided altogether with routine check-ups and... - [Safe Surgical Dislocation of Hip](https://epomedicine.com/surgical-skills/safe-surgical-dislocation-of-hip/): Surgical Principles Relevant Course of MFCA Surgical Technique 1. Position: Lateral decubitus 2. Incision and approach: Traditional Kocher-Langebeck (KL) approach or Gibson interval (more anterior interval with posterior retraction of gluteus maximus muscle without violating it) 3. Trochanteric (Digastric slide) osteotomy: 4. Exposure: 5. Z-shaped Capsulotomy: 6. Hip Dislocation: 7. Inspection of acetabulum and femoral head: 8. Intraoperative assessment: 9. Closure: 10. Postoperative rehabilitation: When the quality of bone is good and the patient reliable, the use of two crutches for restricted weight bearing can be limited to 4 weeks. References: - [Medical Sutures Kit Essentials Every Student Should Have](https://epomedicine.com/blog/medical-sutures-kit-essentials-every-student-should-have/): Before undertaking the medical journey, students need many different skills and equipment. One crucial aspect is suturing, a skill many healthcare workers use. Suture kits are fundamental and necessary for students. This guide will cover the essential items every budding practitioner should have in their suturing kit. Understanding the Basics Before getting into details, it’s essential to understand what each tool is for. A medical sutures kit contains the necessary tools to close a wound or surgical incision. These instruments allow for proper wound healing while minimizing the risk of infection and promoting better recovery. Understanding the purpose of each... - [What Causes Mid Back Pain and How to Identify It](https://epomedicine.com/blog/what-causes-mid-back-pain-and-how-to-identify-it/): One in 10 people suffers from mid-back pain, which can be a real nuisance, especially for those living in areas like Spokane where active lifestyles are common. It can impact day-to-day living and be quite painful. Awareness of what caused it and identifying the signs are the first steps needed to combat this type of ailment. In this post, you can read about what might be causing your mid-back pain and how to determine if you have this issue. Understanding what causes mid back pain is essential for proper treatment and prevention. Let’s explore the various factors that contribute to... - [Why More Patients Are Turning to Telehealth Services?](https://epomedicine.com/blog/why-more-patients-are-turning-to-telehealth-services/): Telehealth services have become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly in major metropolitan areas like Philadelphia, where busy schedules and traffic concerns make virtual care especially appealing. Most people find virtual consultations more convenient than visiting the doctor in person, bringing both flexibility and accessibility that traditional healthcare settings often cannot match. Telehealth Philadelphia services have transformed how patients access medical care, offering solutions that work around their daily lives. This article discusses the reasons for the increasing preference toward telehealth by the majority of patients. Convenience and Accessibility Convenience has been one of the main reasons for the boom... - [Top 10 Healthcare Data Platform Development Firms in 2025](https://epomedicine.com/blog/top-10-healthcare-data-platform-development-firms-in-2025/): Healthcare today generates gigantic amounts of data patient data, imaging tests, lab results, prescriptions, wearable sensors, and so on. But data alone is only valuable if it can be successfully brought together, analyzed, and responded to. That is where healthcare data platform development services come in handy, enabling hospitals, clinics, payers, and digital health entrepreneurs to transform raw data into useful intelligence. Among the globe’s top players in this field, there is one that always takes the cake – Edenlab. They have pioneered the creation of sophisticated healthcare data solutions that are of global standards and also interoperable and scalable.... - [From Limited Mobility to Limitless Living: Tools for Active Seniors](https://epomedicine.com/blog/from-limited-mobility-to-limitless-living-tools-for-active-seniors/): Getting older means our bodies change in ways that can sometimes slow us down, but it doesn’t have to put life on pause. There’s plenty you can do to stay active and keep enjoying life, no matter what age you are – if you’ve got the right approach and a few helpful tools at hand. The Realities of Getting Older As we age, muscle strength tends to slip a bit – that’s sarcopenia sneaking in. You might notice balance isn’t what it used to be, or maybe walking gets trickier. Things like eyesight and hearing don’t always stick around at... - [Personalized Weight Care: The Game-Changer Your Health Has Been Waiting For](https://epomedicine.com/blog/personalized-weight-care-the-game-changer-your-health-has-been-waiting-for/): In today’s fast-paced world, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight is no longer just about willpower, it’s about strategy, precision, and personalization. The concept of personalized weight care has emerged as a revolutionary approach, moving beyond generic diets and cookie-cutter fitness plans to create a health journey that’s tailored to the unique needs of each individual. This method takes into account not just what you eat or how you exercise, but your genetics, lifestyle, emotional triggers, and even how your body responds to certain foods and workouts. For those who have tried multiple weight loss programs without lasting success, this... - [Exploring the Emerging Role of Exosomes in Modern Therapeutics](https://epomedicine.com/blog/exploring-the-emerging-role-of-exosomes-in-modern-therapeutics/): In the realm of regenerative medicine, exosomes are quickly becoming one of the most innovative tools for promoting healing and cellular communication. These nano-sized vesicles are secreted by many cell types, but those originating from mesenchymal stem cells—referred to as stem cell exosomes—are of particular interest for clinical use. Rather than being living cells, exosomes are packets of signaling molecules, such as RNA, DNA fragments, cytokines, and proteins, that influence nearby or distant cells to initiate repair, regulate immune activity, and stimulate regeneration. Unlike traditional stem cell therapy, which involves transplanting whole cells, exosomes therapy is cell-free, making it a safer and more... - [Boyd (Posterolateral) Approach to Elbow](https://epomedicine.com/surgical-skills/boyd-posterolateral-approach-to-elbow/): Indications: Skin incision: Begin the incision just posterior to the lateral epicondyle and lateral to the triceps tendon, and continue the incision distally to the lateral tip of the olecranon and then down the subcutaneous border of the ulna to the junction of its proximal and middle thirds or as necessary Superficial dissection: Incise the deep fascia in line with the incision to approach the lateral margin of the ulna between the anconeus insertion and the flexor carpi ulnaris. Deep dissection: The anconeus and extensor carpi ulnaris are stripped subperiosteally from the ulna, beginning on the lateral subcutaneous crest of... - [Why Reliable X-Ray Equipment Is Essential in Diagnostics](https://epomedicine.com/blog/why-reliable-x-ray-equipment-is-essential-in-diagnostics/): A good-quality X-ray is crucial for medical diagnostics. Medical professionals rely on these machines to deliver precise images that aid them in diagnosing numerous ailments and illnesses. High-quality imaging systems guarantee that the provider has the information to make the best healthcare decisions, whether assessing a fracture or identifying pneumonia. Accurate Diagnosis Accurate diagnosis is the key to proper treatment. Physicians can only diagnose and identify an issue, such as even the smallest broken bone, when they have access to sound, clear, and sharp images, which good and reliable X-ray machines produce. Whether evaluating a fracture or detecting pneumonia, high-quality... - [Sciatic Nerve Variations around Piriformis Muscle](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/sciatic-nerve-variations-around-piriformis-muscle/): Variations involving the relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle are commonly classified based on Beaton and Anson’s classification. Mnemonic: I Prefer Smart Anatomy For Perfect nerve-sparing Type Mnemonic Meaning Description Prevalence I I Inferior Undivided sciatic nerve passes below piriformis 87% II Prefer Piercing Peroneal pierces, tibial passes below 13% III Smart Superior Peroneal above, tibial below <1% IV Anatomy All through Entire sciatic pierces piriformis <1% V For Forked/Above and Through Peroneal above, tibial pierces piriformis <1% VI Perfect Pierced both Both divisions pierces piriformis <1% Clinical Significance - [Understanding the Benefits of Multimode Microplate Readers in Healthcare Research](https://epomedicine.com/blog/understanding-the-benefits-of-multimode-microplate-readers-in-healthcare-research/): Healthcare research today stands at the exciting intersection of innovation and practicality, constantly striving to accelerate discoveries while maintaining reliability and accuracy. As researchers working with biologics and protein therapies navigate an increasingly complex landscape, the multimode microplate reader has emerged as an indispensable instrument, offering capabilities that extend beyond traditional single-mode readers. Versatile, precise, and efficient, this technology facilitates deeper insights, higher throughput, and substantial resource optimization, empowering laboratories to achieve groundbreaking outcomes. Enhanced Versatility: One Platform, Countless Possibilities Imagine beginning your day in the lab, anticipating a full schedule involving various assays—fluorescence, absorbance, luminescence, and more. Traditionally, each... - ["5-Ps" Mnemonic for Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/5-ps-mnemonic-for-preoperative-antibiotic-prophylaxis/): Potential indications for antibiotic prophylaxis before surgical procedure are: 1. Penetration into gastrointestinal, respiratory and genital lumens 2. Prosthesis 3. Presence of infection 4. Prolonged surgery 5. Poor patient immunity Reference: Hasanin A, Mostafa M. The “5-Ps” Mnemonic for Antibiotic Prophylaxis Before Surgery. Anesth Analg. 2025 May 7. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000007596. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40333465. - [How Hyperchloremia Impairs Renal Function](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/how-hyperchloremia-impairs-renal-function/): While historically, NS and RL have been thought to be generally equivalent for resuscitation, there has been an associated risk of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with large-volume resuscitation using normal saline. Hyperchoremic metabolic acidosis has been found to increase the risk of acute kidney injury. This is thought to be due to the vasoconstrictive effects of hyperchloremia and a consequent reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Hyperchloremia causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles of the kidney. However, this is a side effect of how the kidneys auto-regulate renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Recall that blood flows into the glomerulus of... - [Wound Strength](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/wound-strength/): Wound strength is determined by both quantity and quality of collagen and an appropriate balance of deposition and breakdown. The amount of collagen in a wound plateaus at several weeks post-injury. Timeline: 1. First few weeks: Strength increases rapidly, reaching about 20% of pre-injury strength at 3 weeks.  2. Around 6 weeks: Wound strength increases significantly, nearing about 80% of the original strength.  3. 3 months: Wound strength reaches approximately 80% of its original strength.  4. Beyond 3 months: Strength continues to increase slowly, but the wound area will likely never be as strong as the original skin, typically reaching about 70-80%.  The tensile strength of... - [Dementia vs. Normal Aging: Understanding the Differences](https://epomedicine.com/blog/dementia-vs-normal-aging-understanding-the-differences/): When an older loved one begins forgetting things, it’s natural to wonder if it’s just part of aging, or something more serious like dementia. The two lines can feel blurry, especially in the early stages. Families often struggle with knowing when to be concerned, what to expect, or how to discuss it. Whether you’re a student, a caregiver, or simply trying to understand a loved one better, this guide offers clarity and practical insights to help you navigate a complex but essential topic with more confidence and care. You’ll learn about what makes everyday memory lapses normal, and when those... - [SIMPLE approach to Nutritional Care in Elderly Patients](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/simple-approach-to-nutritional-care-in-elderly-patients/): The essence of this approach is that, rather than requiring a highly specialized nutritionist, a systematic assessment on the part of all the disciplines that are interacting with the patients can achieve what is needed for the nutritional care of the older patient with a fragility fracture, regardless of setting or healthcare provider. S – Screen for nutritional risk I – Interdisciplinary assessment (ABCDEF mnemonic) M – Make the diagnosis (es) P – Plan with the patient A comprehensive nutrition care plan should consider: L – impLement interventions Nutrition care plan is included in handover and discharge documentation, and is... - [How to Fix the Skin That Overreacts to Almost Everything](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/how-to-fix-the-skin-that-overreacts-to-almost-everything/): If your skin throws a tantrum every time you try something new, you’re certainly not alone, and no, it’s not “all in your head.” While it may seem like your face has declared war on every product in existence, the reality is far different.  Studies show that dermatological disorders affect more than a third of the global population in some form. However, some individuals indeed have a higher likelihood of developing hypersensitive skin reactions, leading to allergic responses that can range from mild irritation to full-blown contact dermatitis. If you’re tired of playing skincare roulette and your current routine is... - [Golden Rules of Anesthesia : Mnemonic](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/golden-rules-of-anesthesia-mnemonic/): The “golden rules of anesthesia” are a set of principles and practices designed to ensure patient safety during anesthesia administration. These rules emphasize careful pre-operative preparation, vigilant intraoperative monitoring, and prompt management of potential emergencies. Mnemonic: ANESTHESIA - [Dexmedetomidine - Mnemonic](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/dexmedetomidine-mnemonic/): Mnemonic: BARASH Uses of Dexmedetomidine: This mnemonic, BARASH, is dedicated to Dr. Paul G. Barash, whose work in anesthesiology has profoundly shaped medical education and clinical practice. Just as his textbook has guided countless practitioners, may this mnemonic serve as a concise tool for remembering key concepts with clarity and precision. 1. Bradycardia 2. Alpha-2 agonist 3. Respiratory depression (mild) 4. Analgesia, Anxiolysis 5. Sedation 6. Hypotension - [How to Get Over Long-Term Prescription Opioid Use Following Surgery](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-to-get-over-long-term-prescription-opioid-use-following-surgery/): Most people walk into surgery expecting that the after-effects will fade with the stitches. Yet for many, the strongest echo of the operation is a small plastic bottle of prescription opioids that never seems to empty. When it comes to short-term pain, opioids can offer really effective relief. But when the prescription stretches into months, it quietly becomes a source of physical and psychological dependence.   The idea of stopping might feel overwhelming, especially if you’re worried about withdrawal or managing pain without medication. But you can absolutely get through this, and there are smart, safe ways to move forward. Our... - [How California Nurses Are Rethinking Risk in a Changing Workplace?](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-california-nurses-are-rethinking-risk-in-a-changing-workplace/): Nursing is not an easy job, and nurses everywhere will face new challenges every day. As the world evolves, so do the risks that come with it, and workplace risks evolve fast too. California is at the forefront of these risks as it is a country that moves really fast and thus is good at nurturing innovations too. The focus for nurses needs to be on their own safety and the safety of others, their connection to tech, and their mental health. They need the right nurses liability cover that could help them with any inadvertent risks and challenges. Physical... - [Direct Lateral Approach to Radial Shaft](https://epomedicine.com/surgical-skills/direct-lateral-approach-to-radial-shaft/): Position: Elbow flexed 90 degree and forearm in mid-prone Landmarks: Skin incision: Centered over fracture in a straight imaginary line joining lateral epicondyle of humerus and tip of radial styloid Superficial dissection: Subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia are incised along the line of skin incision Deep dissection: Interval is developed between Brachioradialis and Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) Fracture fixation: Further reading: - [7 Things You Should Know Before Starting Your BSN Clinicals](https://epomedicine.com/blog/7-things-you-should-know-before-starting-your-bsn-clinicals/): When you’re training to become a nurse, clinical placements are where everything changes. You go from reading about patients in textbooks to helping real ones. Instead of picturing disease processes in diagrams, you’ll start hearing them in someone’s breathing. It’s an exciting time, and infamously full-on. No matter how much you’ve studied, somehow, nothing quite prepares you for the real thing.  If you’re in a BSN program, your clinicals will shape the kind of nurse you become. You’ll learn how to move and think in busy environments, cope when the going gets tough, and work as part of a team.... - [Why Some Cancers Take Decades to Appear: The Latency of Environmental and Occupational Diseases](https://epomedicine.com/blog/why-some-cancers-take-decades-to-appear-the-latency-of-environmental-and-occupational-diseases/): Some growths do not show up until many years after the initial harm occurs. Sneaky behavior also makes these illnesses tough to link back to earlier contact with harmful agents. This means an individual might handle a risky substance on the job, feel fine for decades, and then face a surprising diagnosis. Materials like certain fibers or chemicals in factories are often the silent culprits. Knowing how triggers set symptoms into motion can help future health workers spot potential issues sooner. What Is Cancer Latency? A delay between harmful contact and illness can stretch over years or decades, depending on... - [Iliac Cortical Density (ICD)](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/iliac-cortical-density-icd/): Synonym: Iliac Cortical Line Iliac cortical densities (ICD) are the overlap of the true pelvis posterior to the acetabulum which is used as a proxy for the slope of the sacral ala. Importance: The entry point should be anterior in S1 and inferior to the iliac cortical density (ICD), which parallels the sacral alar slope, usually slightly caudal and posterior. The ICD thus marks the anterosuperior boundary of the safe zone for an iliosacral screw which may injure the L5 nerve root if it penetrates this cortex. - [Becoming a Family Nurse Practitioner](https://epomedicine.com/blog/becoming-a-family-nurse-practitioner/): Family Nurse Practitioners (FNPs) play a vital role in the healthcare system by providing patient-centered, comprehensive care across the lifespan. Trained in both primary care and disease prevention, FNPs work with individuals and families to manage chronic conditions, treat acute illnesses, and promote healthy lifestyle choices. With the demand for primary care providers rising, the FNP role continues to grow as a practical and impactful career path for registered nurses seeking advanced practice opportunities. FNPs are licensed advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) who assess, diagnose, and treat patients much like physicians do. They are authorized to prescribe medications, order diagnostic... - [9 Advanced Careers in Nursing: What’s Next After Becoming an RN?](https://epomedicine.com/blog/9-advanced-careers-in-nursing-whats-next-after-becoming-an-rn/): When choosing a career in healthcare, becoming a nurse is always an attractive and rewarding option. When you finally become an RN, it’s a huge milestone, but it’s not always the final stop. Many nurses go on to get certifications and degrees to become advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) and continue their careers in specific nursing specializations. Caring for patients as an RN is incredibly fulfilling, but some nurses find that they don’t want to stay bedside forever and want to explore different routes while still pursuing their passion as a nurse. Fortunately, in today’s healthcare landscape, there are numerous... - [Crowe Classification in Adult Hip Dysplasia](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/crowe-classification-in-adult-hip-dysplasia/): Crowe Classification Class I: <50% subluxation or proximal displacement <10% of pelvic height Class II: 50-75% subluxation or proximal displacement 10-15% of pelvic height Class III: 75-100% subluxation or proximal displacement 15-20% of pelvic height Class IV: >100% subluxation or proximal displacement >10% of pelvic height and deficient true acetabulum Clinical Application It aids to anticipate: Crowe Acetabulum Femur Approach I Uncemented component in true acetabular region with slight medialization Cemented or uncemented stem based on patient age, bone quality, and bone geometry Anterolateral or Posterolateral based on surgeon preference II or III Uncemented component at or near true acetabular... - [Coccyx Types](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/coccyx-types/): Postacchini and Massobrio Classification (Nathan Modification) Can be classified into 6 types: Type I (slight curve): Curved slightly forward with apex pointing caudally (>50% incidence) Type II (forward curve): More prominent ventral curvature with coccyx apex pointing anteriorly (8-32% incidence) Type III (sharp angle): Acute anterior angulation of coccyx but no subluxation (4-16% incidence) Type IV (subluxation): Focal anterior angulation with anterior subluxation (1-9% incidence) Type V (retroverted): Posteriorly angulated coccyx (1-11% incidence) Type VI (scoliotic): Scoliotic deformity or lateral angulation of coccyx (1-6% incidence) Clinical implication Patients with a type II-IV coccyx are more prone to develop idiopathic coccygodynia - [Morel Lavallee Lesion](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/morel-lavallee-lesion/): Definition: Post-traumatic closed degloving injury, in which the skin and subcutaneous tissue is detached from the underlying fascia by a shearing force which can disrupt perforating vessels and nerves, creating a potential space that fills with blood, lymph, debris and fat (necrotic and/or viable). Clinical features: The diagnosis can be challenging because the overlying skin may appear normal, although dermal changes such as ecchymosis and necrosis can occur. Onset: Symptoms: Signs: Investigation of choice: MRI Treatment: There are no consensus algorithm for management of Morel-Lavalle lesions. - [Corona Mortis](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/corona-mortis/): Synonym: Crown of Death Definition: Retropubic vascular anastomoses between the obturator and external iliac systems Location: Behind the superior pubic ramus at varying distance from the symphysis pubis (range 40-96 mm) Morphologies: a. Arterial corona mortis (8-65% incidence): b. Venous corona mortis (40-96% incidence): c. Combined arterial and venous corona mortis Clinical significance of corona mortis: 1. Pelvic fracture: Massive extraperitoneal hemorrhage can arise due to injury of corona mortis. 2. Femoral hernia surgery: If it is medial to the femoral ring, widening the neck of femoral hernia during surgery by releasing the lacunar ligament may cause injury to corona... - [Frozen Shoulder : Mnemonics](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/frozen-shoulder-mnemonics/): Synonym: Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder Features: Mnemonic: ICE CAPS Sequence for Manipulation under anesthesia (MUA): Mnemonic: FEAR - [How to Deal with Stress as a Medical Professional](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-to-deal-with-stress-as-a-medical-professional/): Being a medical professional places you in the roster of essential workers, many of whom sacrifice a great deal to provide much-needed services. It’s a job you wouldn’t want to take for granted, considering the lives you get to save. However, you can’t ignore the effects that your role has on your physical and mental health. You will feel stressed many times, affecting your ability to perform with the precision and professionalism that’s expected of you as a medical professional.  There’s no such thing as easy work, especially if it involves using your skills and knowledge to help others live... - [Ivory Vertebra : Mnemonic](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/ivory-vertebra-mnemonic/): Ivory vertebra refers to diffuse and homogenous increase in opacity of a vertebral body that retains size and contour with no change is size and opacity of adjacent intervertebral discs. Mnemonic: PH FILMS 1. Paget disease of bone 2. Hemangioma 3. Fluorosis 4. Infection (tubercular spondylitis) 5. Lymphoma (usually Hodgkin’s lymphoma) 6. Metastases (osteoblastic) and Myelosclerosis 7. Sickle cell disease Further reading: Ivory vertebra: imaging findings in different diagnoses – PMC - [MedicalVandalism.info and the Fight for Health Worker Safety in Nepal](https://epomedicine.com/blog/medicalvandalism-info-and-the-fight-for-health-worker-safety-in-nepal/): Nepal’s health system not only suffered from infrastructural as well as human capacity deficits in recent decades, but its front-line health workers have, additionally, faced an appalling series of violent attacks upon them. Hospital vandalism, physical assault, verbal intimidation, as well as threat-making, against health workers are no longer exceptional events – they have happened at horrifyingly frequent rates. A worrisome trend From tertiary centers in the cities to rural health posts, physicians, nurses, and health workers are also subjected to violence, all too frequently precipitated by emotional reaction to poor outcomes, ignorance, or mistaken treatment expectations. Too frequently, hospital... - [From Bedside to Boardroom: How a BSNExpands the Scope of Nursing Practice](https://epomedicine.com/blog/from-bedside-to-boardroom-how-a-bsnexpands-the-scope-of-nursing-practice/): Nursing has evolved far beyond traditional bedside care. With the growing complexity of healthcare, nurses now take on diverse roles that reflect a broader scope of practice and greater opportunities for impact. A Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is a necessary bridge—connecting direct care with leadership, policy, education, and advanced clinical practice. For many registered nurses, earning a BSN represents more than an academic milestone—it transforms the way they deliver care, take on leadership responsibilities, and contribute to the evolving landscape of healthcare. Opening New Clinical Doors A BSN expands on foundational nursing competencies and creates specialty clinical roles... - [Thiocolchicoside vs Tizanidine vs Baclofen for Low Back Pain](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/thiocolchicoside-vs-tizanidine-vs-baclofen-for-low-back-pain/): Thiocolchicoside is widely used in acute muscular low back pain due to its fast-acting and less sedative profile. Tizanidine is better suited for chronic cases but requires monitoring due to sedative and hepatic effects. Baclofen is more useful for spasticity of CNS origin and is less commonly used for routine mechanical LBP. Parameter Thiocolchicoside Tizanidine Baclofen Class Semi-synthetic derivative of colchicoside[1] Centrally acting α2-adrenergic agonist[2] GABAB receptor agonist[3] Mechanism of Action GABAA receptor modulator (exact mechanism unclear)[1] Inhibits presynaptic motor neurons → reduces muscle tone[2] Inhibits reflex transmission in spinal cord[3] Primary Indication Muscle spasms, acute back pain[1,4] Spasticity, off-label... - [Transforming Healthcare Security with AI-Powered Cameras](https://epomedicine.com/blog/transforming-healthcare-security-with-ai-powered-cameras/): Introduction Healthcare facilities are facing a growing number of security threats. According to a 2024 study by the International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety (IAHSS), 82% of hospitals reported an increase in violence or threats of violence against staff. Additionally, a report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services highlights that data breaches in healthcare rose by 93% between 2022 and 2023. These statistics reflect a pressing need for more advanced, intelligent security systems within healthcare environments. As a result, many healthcare providers are turning to artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance their security infrastructure. This article explores... - [Intramedullary Nail Dynamization](https://epomedicine.com/surgical-skills/intramedullary-nail-dynamization/): Dynamization of intramedullary nail is the process of converting a static interlocking nail (provides better fixation & rotational control) to a dynamic locking nail (allows axial loading of fracture to stimulate bone healing). Dynamization converts a bridging mode of fixation to the splinting mode. Timing of Dynamization: Dynamization should be performed when the fracture and the newly formed callus have gained enough stability to withstand axial forces without collapse, usually 2-3 months after the initial fixation. If there is any inherent risk of shortening, dynamization should be postponed. Indication of Dynamization: It is no longer a standard practice to dynamize... - [Eponychial Marsupialization for Chronic Paronychia](https://epomedicine.com/surgical-skills/eponychial-marsupialization-for-chronic-paronychia/): Chronic paronychia is an inflammatory recalcitrant disorder affecting the nail folds. It can be defined as an inflammation lasting for more than 6 weeks and involving one or more of the three nail folds (one proximal and two lateral). Surgical management is only indicated in cases of chronic paronychia, which does not respond to medical management and proper use of general measures. Surgical treatment is required in such cases to remove the chronically inflamed tissue, which aids in effective penetration of topical as well as oral medications and regeneration of the cuticle. Technique of Eponychial Marsupialization Anesthesia: Digital nerve block... - [Meniscal Tears on MRI](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/meniscal-tears-on-mri/): Meniscal tears are best seen on T1-weighted, gradient-echo and proton-density images. The menisci are low intensity on all sequences. Morphologies Meniscal tear morphology Description MRI appearance Horizontal Separates meniscus into superior (femoral) & inferior (tibial) fragments Primarily horizontal signal on sagittal images Vertical radial Splits central margin of meniscus Vertical signal oriented perpendicular to the curvature of the meniscus (Cleft sign & Truncated triangle sign) Vertical longitudinal Extends along length of meniscus; separates meniscus into inner & outer fragments Vertical signal oriented parallel to the curvature of the meniscus Bucket handle Subtype of the longitudinal tear in which the displaced... - [Antibiofilm Antibiotics](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/antibiofilm-antibiotics/): Biofilms are immobile microbial communities which colonize and grow on surfaces of medical implants such as sutures, catheters and implants, by self-produced extracellular polymeric substances and cause infections which can only be treated by their removal. It provides additional resistance to the bacteria by various mechanisms like altered pH, osmolarity, nutrients scarcity, mechanical and shear forces and blocking the access of bacterial biofilm communities from antibiotics and host’s immune cells. Antibiotics active against both gram positive and negative: 1. Fluoroquinolones: 2. Fosfomycin 3. Tetracyclines Antibiotics active against gram-positive: 1. Rifampicin or Rifampin 2. Fusidic acid 3. Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin)... - [Rifampicin : Mnemonic](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/rifampicin-mnemonic/): Synonym: Rifampin Mnemonic: RIFAMPIN R: RNA polymerase inhibition I: Induces CYP450 F: Flu-like symptoms, Fluid (sweat, urine, tears, saliva) discoloration A: AST/ALT elevation (Hepatotoxicity is a possible complication) M: Mycobacteria (M. Tuberculosis, M. Leprae, MAI treatment) and Meningitis (N. Meningitidis prophylaxis for close contacts) P: Penetrates granuloma, biofilm and blood-brain-barrier, Prosthetic joint infection (one of the clinical uses of rifampicin along with other anti-staphylococcal drugs as it penetrates bio-film) I: Intestinal problems like nausea/vomiting (most common side effect) N: Nephritis (Acute interstitial nephritis is a possible complication) Reference: How to monitor Rifampicin – a brief primer - [Heel Pad Syndrome vs Plantar Fasciitis](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/heel-pad-syndrome-vs-plantar-fasciitis/): Heel pad syndrome and plantar fasciitis both cause heel pain, but they affect different areas and have distinct characteristics. Further reading and differential diagnoses of heel pain: Heel Pain : Mnemonic Plantar Fasciitis Heel Pad Syndrome Definition Inflammation of the calcaneal origin of plantar fascia Traumatic irritation of the specialized fat that covers & protects calcaneus Pain Medial calcaneal border pain with first steps, aggravated by walking or standing Central calcaneal pain aggravated by walking or standing Tenderness Localized tenderness at calcaneal origin of plantar fascia – in the midline or slightlymedial of midline at the origin of the longitudinal... - [Basilar Thumb or 1st CMCJ Osteoarthritis](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/basilar-thumb-or-1st-cmcj-osteoarthritis/): Tips to remember this classification include: Eaton Stage Joint Subluxation Osteophyte Surgery I 1st CMCJ widened <1/3 No Volar Ligament Reconstruction II 1st CMCJ narrowed <1/3 <2 mm 1. Ligament reconstruction with tendon interposition (LRTI) 2. Single interposition 3. Suspensionplasty 4. Metacarpal osteotomy III 1st CMCJ severely narrowed ≥1/3 >2 mm Same as above IV 1st CMCJ obliterated + STT joint narrowed Major >2 mm 1. LRTI 2. Double interposition 3. Suspensionplasty 4. Simple trapeziectomy Before proceeding to surgery, non-operative treatment trial includes: Further reading: Basal Thumb Osteoarthritis: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment - [Medical Education and Job Crisis in Nepal](https://epomedicine.com/blog/medical-education-and-job-crisis-in-nepal/): Nepal’s medical sector is beset with serious issues. Oversupply of medical graduates, declining job satisfaction among doctors, the ongoing woes of resident doctors, and disagreements between private medical colleges and the Medical Education Commission (MEC) have rendered the situation complex and pressing.​ Oversaturation of Medical Graduates and Poor Employment Opportunities The last ten years have witnessed a proliferation of medical colleges in Nepal, and hence the number of medical graduates has increased. But this has not been accompanied by corresponding job openings. Government jobs are few, and the private sector provides only contractual jobs with poor salary and job security.... - [Scapular Dyskinesis](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/scapular-dyskinesis/): Definition: Abnormal scapular motion which may refer to – Causes: 1. Primary: Due to abnormalities arising in Scapulo-thoracic articulation, periscapular muscles and nerves 2. Secondary: Response to shoulder abnormalities Types: It is categorized into three main types based on the prominence of specific areas of the scapula during movement. Clinical symptoms: Clinical signs: Investigations: Management: 1. Secondary scapular dyskinesis: Manage the underlying primary shoulder disorder 2. Primary scapular dyskinesis: a. Non-surgical: b. Surgical: SICK Scapula The term SICK scapula was introduced to describe the pathological state of the scapula characterised by: This syndrome is often seen in overhead athletes and... - [The Importance of Effective Communication in Hospitals](https://epomedicine.com/blog/the-importance-of-effective-communication-in-hospitals/): Healthcare depends on open communication. Code Blue situations demonstrate this: responsibilities are obvious when a resuscitation team communicates effectively, and interventions are quick. Nurse-to-physician handoffs at shift change are another vital event. Lack of information about a patient’s renal function or medication sensitivity can cause disastrous events. Team members have to speak out unafraid. Patients have to grasp discharge directions. There are challenges, though. Clinical recruiters are seeking communication along with technical knowledge. Even the finest diagnostician lets people down without obvious therapeutic justifications. Knowing their treatment plan increases patient compliance. Good departmental communication reduces medical mistakes. The impact of... - [Kambin's Triangle or Prism](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/kambins-triangle-or-prism/): There is confusion regarding the borders of Kambin’s triangle across the literature. Kambin originally described the borders of this triangular working zone as: Though it was named as a “triangle” it was described with 4 borders with 2 triangles (in AP view and Lateral view) which gives a 3D structure more appropriately a “prism”. Uses of Kambin’s triangle: Kambin’s triangle is regarded as a “safe” space because it is devoid of important neurovascular structures. It is an anatomical corridor useful in: Reference: Kambin’s triangle: definition and new classification schema in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine Volume 32 Issue 3 (2019) Journals - [Spinal Tumors Localization : Mnemonics](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/spinal-tumors-localization-mnemonics/): Intradural Intramedullary Spinal Tumors Mnemonic: I HEAL Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Tumors Mnemonic: MNM Extradural Spinal Tumors Lesions outside the thecal sac are categorized as extradural lesions. Remember that everything that isn’t in the thecal sac is extradural, including discs, bones, nerves, and blood vessels. - [Ulnar styloid impaction syndrome](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/ulnar-styloid-impaction-syndrome/): Definition: Impaction of triquetrum against the ulnar styloid causing chondromalacia, synovitis and ulnar-sided wrist pain Pathology: Etiology: Clinical features: 1. Asymptomatic 2. Ulnar-sided wrist pain, aggravated by wrist extension and specific positioning (having hands on hip or back pockets) 3. Potential history of trauma to distal radius or ulna, surgery to carpus, generalized ligamentous laxity or other features suggestive of a disturbance to normal wrist mechanics at the lunotriquetral interval 4. Examination: Diagnosis: Long ulnar styloid radiographically + Ruby’s ulnar styloid provocation test Standard PA X-ray: Dynamic fluoroscopic assessment and 3D CT: used to confirm impingement MRI (for late stage):... - [Trauma Scoring Systems](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/trauma-scoring-systems/): Scoring systems Score type Brief description Score interpretation Revised trauma score (RTS) Physiologic RR + SBP + GCS Each parameter is scored 0-4 (Total range = 0-12) Lower score indicates more severe injury (RTS 12 = <1% mortality; RTS 0 = >99% mortality) Score <11 – transfer to trauma center Injury severity score (ISS) Anatomic Body divided into 6 regions (head, face, chest, abdomen, extremities including pelvis & external) & each injury is assigned the AIS (1-6) Sum of the square of 3 highest scoring regions Highest score is 75 (5² + 5² + 5²) AIS of 6 is regarded... - [Medical Cannabis and Pain Management: What Doctors Need to Know](https://epomedicine.com/blog/medical-cannabis-and-pain-management-what-doctors-need-to-know/): Medical cannabis is gaining increasing recognition as a potential treatment for chronic pain. However, many healthcare professionals remain uncertain about its efficiency, safety, and legal implications. As more patients look for alternatives to conventional pain management medications, healthcare experts must remain informed about the use of medical cannabis. Read more to discover everything doctors should know about using it to manage pain. Is It Legal to Use Medical Cannabis for Pain Management? While it is legal to use medical cannabis for pain management in most U.S. states, it is considered illegal at the federal level. Cannabis is essentially classified as... - [McCormack Load Sharing Classification (LSC)](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/mccormack-load-sharing-classification-lsc/): McCormack classification aims to predict the need for anterior stabilization in addition to posterior fixation in cases of thoracolumbar burst fractures. It considers 3 factors for scoring: Principle: Application of load-sharing principle of long bone fixation (load sharing between implant system and host bone) to surgical treatment of acute thoracic and lumbar spine fractures to permit healing and prevent hardware failure – a. Comminution: Vertebral fragments do not transfer load as well as an intact vertebra b. Apposition/Displacement: Wider the fracture fragments are displaced, the more poorly they transmit load c. Kyphosis correction: When severe traumatic kyphosis is corrected, anterior... - [TLICS vs SLICS](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/tlics-vs-slics/): Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity (TLICS) and Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System (SLICS) are based on 3 components of injury: TLICS score and SLICS score provide a scoring system to guide management: Characteristics TLICS SLIC 1. Injury morphology (Radiographs, CT) a. No abnormality 0 0 b. Compression 1 1 c. Burst 2 2 d. Translation/rotation 3 4 e. Distraction 4 3 2. PLC/DLC integrity (MRI) a. Intact 0 0 b. Indeterminate 2 1 c. Disrupted 3 2 3. Neurological status (Clinical examination) a. Intact 0 0 b. Nerve root injury 2 1 c. Complete cord injury 2 2 d.... - [Rheumatoid Thumb - Nalebuff Classification](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/rheumatoid-thumb-nalebuff-classification/): Type Description Treatment 1 Boutonniere (most common) Synovectomy with extensor hood reconstruction; MCP fusion or arthroplasty 2 Boutonniere with CMC subluxation (uncommon; Type 1 + Type 3) Same as type 1 and type 3 3 Swan neck deformity (2nd most common) Splinting vs CMC arthroplasty; MCP fusion 4 Gamekeeper deformity Synovectomy/UCL reconstruction or Fusion 5 Swan neck with MCP disease Fusion of MCPJ 6 Arthritis mutilans Arthrodesis - [The Expanding Role of Technology in Personalized Treatment Plans](https://epomedicine.com/blog/the-expanding-role-of-technology-in-personalized-treatment-plans/): Personalized medicine continues evolving as technology reshapes treatment strategies in modern healthcare settings. Data analytics, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence contribute significantly to individualized patient care. These innovations enable healthcare professionals to develop interventions aligned with patient-specific needs and conditions. Real-time health data, predictive analytics, and automated tools help optimize medical decision-making processes. Precision medicine relies on technology-driven solutions to enhance treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.  Healthcare providers must integrate new technologies into daily practice to ensure effective care.  In this article, we’ll explore how emerging innovations enhance personalized treatment plans and improve overall healthcare delivery. Harnessing AI and Big... - [Your Lifeline Overseas: How International Health Insurance Protects You in Crisis](https://epomedicine.com/blog/your-lifeline-overseas-how-international-health-insurance-protects-you-in-crisis/): When you’re living or travelling abroad, unexpected challenges can arise, and navigating foreign healthcare systems is no exception. In moments of uncertainty, having international health insurance is more than just a safety net—it’s your lifeline. Let’s explore how it protects you during times of crisis. Comprehensive Coverage for the Unexpected Imagine facing a medical emergency far from home. Without adequate insurance, the costs can quickly spiral, leaving you with a hefty bill.  International health insurance offers extensive coverage, including emergency care, hospital stays, and even evacuation services if needed. This ensures that no matter where you are, you have access... - [5 Physical Conditions When You Need to See a Physiotherapist](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/5-physical-conditions-when-you-need-to-see-a-physiotherapist/): We often think of consulting a physiotherapist only after experiencing a major injury, severe pain, or undergoing surgery, when everyday tasks become challenging. However, physiotherapy is not solely for these situations. A skilled physiotherapist can help significantly improve our quality of life, offering benefits that go far beyond just recovery, enhancing overall well-being and functionality. Balance Problems Difficulty maintaining balance or feeling unsteady can result from several underlying causes, including vestibular issues, nerve damage in the legs (peripheral neuropathy), joint, muscle, or vision problems, medication side effects, or specific neurological conditions. Physiotherapy, often used as a complementary therapy, can play... - [5 Reasons to Choose a Career in Healthcare](https://epomedicine.com/blog/5-reasons-to-choose-a-career-in-healthcare/): Healthcare careers are ideal for those who love helping others and are interested in medicine, science, math, and technology. It involves working with patients directly or in administration, healthcare information technology, research, and other areas behind the scenes. Understanding why you should pursue a career in healthcare can help you determine if it’s the right field for you. Discussed below are five reasons to choose a career in healthcare. 1. Healthcare careers are in high demand Statistics suggest that overall employment in healthcare careers is expected to grow much faster than the average of all occupations from 2023 to 2033,... - [Trust Matters: How to Ensure You're Buying Quality Medical Equipment for Your Clinic](https://epomedicine.com/blog/trust-matters-how-to-ensure-youre-buying-quality-medical-equipment-for-your-clinic/): In the healthcare industry, the quality of the instruments used in the medical field can significantly influence the quality of service offered to patients. It is not enough for clinic operators and healthcare professionals to meet set standards and regulations; it is imperative to ensure that the medical equipment being acquired is of high quality since this affects the patients’ confidence and the clinic’s reputation. This paper will describe how to determine the quality and reliability of medical equipment so that the purchases you make are the right ones for the patient’s safety. High-Quality Medical Equipment These top-tier medical devices... - [Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerve : Mnemonic](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/lateral-and-medial-pectoral-nerve-mnemonic/): Mnemonics a. Lateral is Less and Medial is More. b. Major receives 2 innervations and Minor receives 1 innervation. Hence, Lateral pectoral nerve passes through and supplies Pectoralis major. Medial pectoral nerve passes through and supplies Pectoralis major and minor. The lateral pectoral nerve and the medial pectoral nerve form a connection called the ansa pectoralis around the axillary artery. Lateral Pectoral Nerve Medial Pectoral Nerve Origin Lateral cord of brachial plexus (C5-C7) Medial cord of brachial plexus (C8-T1) Course Posterior then medial to axillary artery Anterior then lateral to axillary artery Innervation 1. Clavicular head of Pectoralis major (upper... - [Thyroplasty : Mnemonics](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/thyroplasty-mnemonics/): Thyroplasty is the cutting and reshaping of thyroid cartilage in various ways. Ishikki classificaiton – 4 types: Type Mnemonic Procedure Indication I M Medialization of cord (Approximation) Adductor palsy II L Lateralization of cord (Expansion) Abductor palsy III S Shortening of cord (Relaxation) Puberphonia IV L Lengthening of cord (Tensioning) Androphonia Just remember that type 1 is Medialization and type 3 is Shortening. Another mnemonic: thyroPLaSTy - [Ollier's Disease and Maffucci Syndrome : Mnemonic](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/olliers-disease-and-maffucci-syndrome-mnemonic/): Ollier’s disease Maffucci syndrome - [Difference Between Traditional Lasik And iLASIK](https://epomedicine.com/blog/difference-between-traditional-lasik-and-ilasik/): LASIK eye surgery has revolutionized vision correction, offering individuals the opportunity to reduce or eliminate their dependence on glasses and contact lenses. In Houston, individuals seeking vision correction may have heard about two popular options: Traditional LASIK and iLASIK. Understanding the differences between these procedures is crucial in making an informed decision about which one is right for you. This article delves into the intricacies of Traditional LASIK and iLASIK, exploring their procedures, benefits, considerations, and outcomes to help you navigate the choice between these advanced vision correction techniques. Introduction to LASIK Eye Surgery LASIK, short for Laser-Assisted In Situ... - [Radiological Lines for assessing Basilar Invagination : Mnemonic](https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/radiological-lines-for-assessing-basilar-invagination-mnemonic/): Mnemonic: Imagine a letter “Z“. a. McRae’s line has “R” and is at Roof. b. Chamberlain’s line starts with “C” and is at Center. c. McGregor’s line has “G” and is at Ground. a. McRae’s line (foramen magnum line): drawn from anterior margin of foramen (basion) to posterior margin of foramen (opisthion) b. Chamberlain’s line: drawn from posterior end of hard palate to posterior margin of foramen (opisthion) c. McGregor’s line: drawn from posterior end of hard palate to posterior occiput curve Other lines a. Wackenheim’s line (Clivus canal line): Line drawn along clivus into cervical canal b. Ranawat’s line:... - [How Much Kratom to Take: Dosage and Effects Explained](https://epomedicine.com/blog/how-much-kratom-to-take/): Kratom has become very popular in health areas recently, but more interest brings many questions – especially about dosage. How much is too much? What is just the correct amount to feel those effects? It might be confusing, particularly for new users trying to explore this plant world. Do not worry; you are not the only one. Many seek clear advice on using Kratom safely. This article helps explain what influences your Kratom dosage, gives practical tips for beginners and shares advice for careful use. Learn more to find the balance that suits you! Factors Influencing Kratom Dosage Body weight... - [An Introduction to Safe and Natural Relaxation Aids](https://epomedicine.com/blog/an-introduction-to-safe-and-natural-relaxation-aids/): Natural and safe relaxing methods are sought to improve mental and physical health in today’s fast-paced world of stress. Many natural relaxation products offer unique benefits without the side effects of synthetic choices. Hemp- and botanical-based products are appealing for effective alternatives. These aids provide consistent relaxation, mood improvement, and equilibrium.  Understanding HHC’s relaxing effects  One of the most popular relaxation aids is the HHC flower, which provides a calm, smooth feeling. HHC is a hydrogenated version of THC with similar effects but less strength. Like other cannabinoids, HHC has a gentle, relaxing effect that many users find excellent for... ## Pages - [Pelvic Ring Injury (Fracture) Classification Tool](https://epomedicine.com/pelvic-ring-injury-fracture-classification-tool/) - [My account](https://epomedicine.com/my-account/) - [Checkout](https://epomedicine.com/checkout/) - [Cart](https://epomedicine.com/cart/) - [Shop](https://epomedicine.com/shop/) - [Epomedicine Question and Answers](https://epomedicine.com/epomedicine-question-and-answers/): Name Email Ask your question* Recent Questions and Answers - [Thesis Resources](https://epomedicine.com/thesis-resources/): Thesis Topic or Title Ideas MD/MS, MCh, DM,  PhD Thesis or Postgraduate research title and topic ideas: Tamil Nadu Dr. MGU UniversityRajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS), KarnatakaYale Medicine Thesis Digital LibraryChristian Medical College Vellore Theses/Dissertation Library Orthopedics thesis titles: University of British Columbia Faculty of Medical Sciences Sample Size Calculation for Thesis 1. Cross-sectional and Descriptive Studies When data is on nominal/ordinal scale and proportion is one of the parameters n = z2pq/d2n = minimum sample size required z = critical value and a standard value for the corresponding level of confidence At 95% CI or 5% level... - [Follow Us on Social Media](https://epomedicine.com/follow-us-on-social-media/): Telegram Facebook Epomedicine Pinterest Twitter Tweets by Epomedicine - [Covid-19 Resources](https://epomedicine.com/covid-19-resources/): Epomedicine Covid-19 Resources: 1. Novel Coronavirus Disease (CoViD-19) – https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/coronavirus-disease-covid-2019/ 2. DIY N95 Mask – https://epomedicine.com/blog/diy-respirator-mask-covid19-pandemic/ 3. CDC/NIOSH based donning and doffing sequence mnemonic – https://epomedicine.com/clinical-medicine/donning-doffing-sequence-mnemonic/ 4. Mnemonic based clinical diagnosis of Covid-19 – https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/mnemonic-clinical-diagnosis-covid-19/ COVID19 Resource Center: Library of interactive and educational tools that can be used to enhance or inform any simulation training you do. https://www.laerdal.com/information/coronavirus-covid-19-resource-center/ E-Learning Course: As long as someone has a smart phone/laptop and internet, this is an interactive app-like course for COVID preparedness for any health provider. We should be able to create versions of this in app form that don’t require internet and can be... - [Sitemap](https://epomedicine.com/sitemap/) - [Comment (Viewpoint) Policy](https://epomedicine.com/comment-policy/): We love comments and appreciate the time that our readers spend to share ideas and give feedback. However, we also want our comments to be as useful as possible to all of our readers. Once you post a comment, our team of moderators will check that it meets our comment policy. The comments will either be approved or rejected. The instances where comments will be rejected are as follows: 1. Comments or replies deemed to be spam or solely promotional in nature will be deleted. Including a link to relevant content is permitted, but comments should be relevant to the... - [Hippocratic Oath for Health Bloggers](https://epomedicine.com/hippocratic-oath-health-bloggers/): This is an adaptation of Hippocratic Oath for Health/Medical bloggers. I swear by Apollo, the Physician and Hermes, the Divine Messenger, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill, according to my ability and judgement this oath and this covenant: 1. Reliability: I will share accurate information with references whenever possible, for the benefit of the scholars and the sick and not to substitute for a professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 2. Confidentiality: I will never share identifiable information about patients. When necessary, I will ensure that the pieces of information doesn’t breach the confidentiality of the patient. 3.... - [Manuscript submission form](https://epomedicine.com/manuscript-submission/): If you are interested in submitting a content to Epomedicine, we recommend that you first read the Aims and Scope and Instructions for Authors sections on Author’s guidelines page. These sections will provide you with information on the type of content that will be accepted by the title, and details of our policies and procedures. Title Invalid value Content text Invalid value Content image(s) Choose any file for this field. If your submission is in pdf or doc format Choose any file for this field. Author Information Name * -Select-Dr.Mr.Mrs.Ms.Title Invalid value Email * Invalid value Links to social profile (Facebook, Twitter,... - [Privacy Policy](https://epomedicine.com/privacy-policy/): Who we are? Our website address is: http://epomedicine.com Epomedicine is a website (service) by physicians for medical students, physicians and other health professionals. We want you to understand how we use your data and which options you have to protect it. What personal data we collect and why we collect it? Comments When visitors leave comments on the site we collect the data shown in the comments form, and also the visitor’s IP address and browser user agent string to help spam detection. An anonymized string created from your email address (also called a hash) may be provided to the... - [Editors & Authors](https://epomedicine.com/contributors/) - [Clinical Skills](https://epomedicine.com/bedside-teaching/): History Taking Eliciting smoking and alcohol history Nutritional History Made Easy History Taking In Orthopedics General Physical Examination Examination of Gait Pallor Icterus Digital Clubbing Edema Cyanosis Jugular Venous Pressure Pulsus Paradoxus Angular Stomatitis and Atrophic Glossitis Skin Signs of Dermatomyositis Examination of Hands Respiratory Examination Relevant Anatomy and Physiology for Respiratory Examination Hemoptysis Dyspnea Noisy breathing Abdominal Examination Percussion of Spleen ENT Examination Dix-Hallpike Maneuver Hearing Tests Ophthalmologic Examination History taking and Examination in Ophthalmology Understanding Eye glass Prescription Slip Uses of Fluorescein Strip Neurological Examination Examination of Facial Nerve Pronator Drift Sign Clonus Pathological Reflexes – Variants of... - [Medical Mnemonics](https://epomedicine.com/medical-mnemonics/): This is a list of medical mnemonics categorized by subjects. Pharmacology Mnemonics Mnemonic to remember Pharmacology of Cephalosporins Opioid receptors mnemonic Pharmacokinetics mnemonics Beta-blocker mnemonics Biochemistry Mnemonics Amino acids Mnemonics Urea Cycle explained in mnemonic Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Mnemonic Kreb’s Cycle Mnemonic Electron Transport Chain mnemonic Cholesterol synthesis mnemonic Genetic Inheritance Pattern – Rule Mnemonics Enzyme defects in Types of Porphyria – Mnemonic Glycogen storage diseases – mnemonic Fatty acid chain length and GI absorption site – mnemonic Tyrosinemia enzymes – mnemonic Microbiology Mnemonics Rickettsial diseases and Weil Felix reaction Pathology Mnemonics Apoptosis and Anti-apoptotic genes mnemonics Chemokines mnemonics Tumor... - [Author Guidelines](https://epomedicine.com/get-published/): To this end, we have created an online library of resources for medical professionals and medical students for patient management and cracking competitive medical exams as well. We also feature a blog where one can express their experiences or publish creative medical pieces like essays and poetry. We welcome interested writers to be a part of Epomedicine. If you have something to say, something to share, something to teach – write to us. Pieces take anywhere between 1-5 days to be reviewed and published. Aims and Scope of Epomedicine The subjects we cover are broadly categorized under seven sections: We... - [What is Epomedicine?](https://epomedicine.com/about-us/): Epomedicine is the amalgamation between medical journals and medical blogs that is committed to deliver concise, to the point, reliable and referenced knowledge with mnemonics, flowcharts, tables and bullets. Since its inception in 2013, the Epomedicine team has grown steadily. We are always looking for enthusiastic people to join us and be part of this medical education project which will help your juniors and peers. Ask Epomedicine is a unique platform to ask academic questions related to MBBS, USMLE, PLAB, PGEE, MD/MS and share quality answers. As of October 2022, Pedchrome has been merged into Epomedicine. Meet the Epomedicine team.... - [Communicate with Us](https://epomedicine.com/contact/): Use this form to contact us or send us articles. - [Terms of Service](https://epomedicine.com/disclaimer/): A. Terms of Use of Agreement By accessing the website and/or reading its content, and/or using it to find information on any other website or informational resource, you acknowledge and agree that you have read and understand these terms and conditions, that the provisions, disclosures and disclaimers set forth herein are fair and reasonable, and that your agreement to follow and be bound by these terms and conditions is voluntary and is not the result of fraud, duress or undue influence exercised upon you by any person or entity. For Readers We may look for medicine to be an orderly... [comment]: # (Generated by Hostinger Tools Plugin)